Montaigne's Cannibals: A Journey Into Cultural Relativism

Michel de Montaigne's essay "Of Cannibals," penned in the late 16th century, remains a cornerstone of cultural relativism and a fascinating exploration of human perception. This essay isn't just some dusty old text; it's a vibrant, thought-provoking piece that challenges our assumptions about civilization, savagery, and the very nature of humanity. Montaigne, a French Renaissance philosopher, delves into the accounts of travelers returning from the New World, specifically focusing on the Tupinambá people of Brazil. Instead of simply condemning their practice of cannibalism as barbaric, Montaigne uses it as a lens to critique European society and its own forms of cruelty and moral failings. He masterfully employs rhetorical questions, vivid descriptions, and insightful comparisons to dismantle ethnocentric viewpoints prevalent during his time. Get ready to question everything you thought you knew about what it means to be "civilized." This essay is an invitation to step outside our comfort zones and consider the world from a different perspective, one that values understanding and empathy over judgment and condemnation. Montaigne's work is a testament to the power of critical thinking and the importance of challenging our preconceived notions. It forces us to confront the uncomfortable truth that our own cultural norms are not necessarily superior to others and that what we consider "barbaric" might simply be different.

Unpacking Montaigne's Argument

Montaigne's argument in "Of Cannibals" unfolds layer by layer, revealing his radical perspective on cultural diversity. He starts by questioning the very definition of "barbarity." Is it truly the act of eating human flesh that defines a savage, or could it be something else entirely? He cleverly juxtaposes the Tupinambá's ritualistic cannibalism with the brutal acts of torture and violence perpetrated in Europe during the religious wars. Montaigne argues that the Europeans, with their refined cruelty and elaborate methods of inflicting pain, are in some ways more barbaric than the cannibals who simply consume their enemies out of a sense of honor and revenge. This comparison is not meant to condone cannibalism, but rather to expose the hypocrisy and moral bankruptcy of European society. He meticulously describes the Tupinambá's way of life, highlighting their simplicity, bravery, and communal living. He emphasizes their connection to nature, their lack of greed, and their unwavering courage in the face of death. By presenting them in such a positive light, Montaigne challenges the prevailing European view of indigenous peoples as inherently inferior. Montaigne doesn't shy away from the fact that the Tupinambá practice cannibalism. However, he contextualizes it within their cultural framework, explaining that they do it as an act of revenge and to absorb the strength and courage of their enemies. He contrasts this with the seemingly senseless violence and cruelty that he observes in his own society, suggesting that perhaps the Tupinambá's actions are, in their own way, more rational and justifiable. Through this thought-provoking comparison, Montaigne compels us to re-evaluate our own moral standards and consider the possibility that what we deem "civilized" may not always be the most ethical or humane.

The Power of Cultural Relativism

"Of Cannibals" is a powerful statement on the importance of cultural relativism. Cultural relativism is the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another. Montaigne's essay embodies this principle by urging readers to suspend their own cultural biases and try to understand the Tupinambá's practices within their own context. He rejects the ethnocentric view that European culture is superior to all others, advocating instead for a more open-minded and tolerant approach to cultural differences. This doesn't mean that Montaigne condones all practices, but rather that he believes we should strive to understand the reasons behind them before passing judgment. By challenging the notion of a universal standard of morality, Montaigne paves the way for a more nuanced and empathetic understanding of human diversity. He demonstrates that what is considered acceptable or unacceptable varies greatly from culture to culture, and that judging other cultures based on our own standards is not only unfair but also intellectually limiting. Cultural relativism, as presented by Montaigne, is not about moral indifference. It's about recognizing the complexity of human experience and acknowledging that there are multiple valid ways of living and organizing society. It's about embracing diversity and learning from other cultures, rather than simply imposing our own values upon them. Montaigne's essay remains relevant today because it reminds us of the importance of challenging our own assumptions and embracing a more inclusive and understanding worldview.

Critiquing European Society

While ostensibly about cannibals, Montaigne's essay is equally, if not more so, a critique of European society. He uses the example of the Tupinambá to expose the flaws and hypocrisies of his own culture. He condemns the religious wars, the rampant greed, and the social inequalities that plagued Europe during the Renaissance. By contrasting the simplicity and virtue of the Tupinambá with the corruption and cruelty of European society, Montaigne forces his readers to confront the uncomfortable truths about their own culture. He questions whether European civilization is truly as advanced or morally superior as it claims to be. He points out that while Europeans may not eat human flesh, they engage in other forms of barbarity, such as torture, oppression, and exploitation. Montaigne's critique of European society is not simply a blanket condemnation. He recognizes the achievements of European civilization, but he also insists on acknowledging its shortcomings. He challenges the prevailing notion of progress, suggesting that technological advancement and material wealth do not necessarily equate to moral improvement. In fact, he argues that they can sometimes lead to increased corruption and dehumanization. Montaigne's essay serves as a powerful reminder that no culture is perfect and that all societies are capable of both great good and great evil. It encourages us to critically examine our own cultural norms and values, and to be wary of the tendency to view our own culture as superior to others. This self-reflection is essential for fostering a more just and equitable world.

Montaigne's Enduring Legacy

Montaigne's "Of Cannibals" continues to resonate with readers centuries after it was written because it raises fundamental questions about human nature, culture, and morality. His insights into cultural relativism, his critique of ethnocentrism, and his willingness to challenge conventional wisdom remain incredibly relevant in our increasingly interconnected world. The essay has had a profound influence on subsequent thinkers, inspiring discussions about colonialism, cultural exchange, and the nature of civilization. Montaigne's legacy extends beyond the realm of philosophy. His essay has also had a significant impact on literature, anthropology, and political thought. His emphasis on self-reflection, his skepticism towards authority, and his commitment to intellectual honesty have inspired countless writers and thinkers to challenge the status quo and to strive for a more just and equitable world. "Of Cannibals" is a testament to the power of critical thinking and the importance of questioning our own assumptions. It reminds us that there is always more to learn and that we should never be afraid to challenge the prevailing norms and values of our society. Montaigne's work is a call for empathy, understanding, and a willingness to embrace the diversity of human experience. His voice continues to speak to us across the centuries, urging us to create a world where different cultures can coexist peacefully and learn from one another. So, dive into Montaigne, guys! You won't regret it!